Oldest evidence of intoxicating cannabis use found in Siberia

An international research team led by the University of Bern has discovered cannabis seeds and molecular traces of psychoactive cannabis compounds in human hair in a princely tomb in Siberia. Radiocarbon dates place the seeds in the early eighth century B.C. According to the research team, this is the oldest directly dated evidence to date for the intoxicating use of cannabis.

Cannabis is one of the most commonly used psychoactive plants today. However, it is difficult to determine archaeologically how cannabis was used in prehistoric times. Plant parts such as flowers, leaves and resins are perishable and therefore rarely survive. It is known that cannabis served various purposes, such as the production of oil or fiber, and was not used solely as medicine or a drug.

An international research team led by Dr. Gino Caspari of the Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the University of Bern and the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology has now combined various analytical methods in its investigation of a princely tomb in the South Siberian Republic of Tyva. The tomb belongs to high-ranking members of Scythian society, a horse-riding culture of the Eurasian steppe. A total of about 1,000 cannabis seeds were recovered from it. Six seeds were directly dated using the radiocarbon method. Together with other dating results,this indicates that the seeds were placed in the grave in the early eighth century B.C.

The seeds show that cannabis played an important role in the rituals surrounding the burial.”

Dr. Gino Caspari, archaeologist and study’s lead author, Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the University of Bern and the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology

The research team also examined preserved human hair from the central burial chamber. The analyses point to cannabis use. “This study is particularly insightful because it combines the analysis of plant remains with molecular traces in the human body,” says Caspari. The study has now been published in the journal Science.

Molecular traces in human hair

The seeds recovered from the grave likely stem from wild plants. It is not possible to determine from this whether they were specifically cultivated for their psychoactive properties. Their presence in a grave does not, in and of itself, prove the psychoactive use of cannabis. This became apparent only through the analysis of the hair: In several of the hair samples examined, the researchers found clear signals consistent with cannabinol (CBN). CBN is produced, among other things, by the oxidation of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the most important intoxicating compound in cannabis. In addition, the team detected weak signals that, based on their mass, are consistent with THC. High-resolution mass spectrometry, among other methods, was used to analyze the hair samples.

According to the researchers, the hair analyses indicate cannabis use. However, they do not allow for a reliable determination of the amount consumed. Neither is it possible to determine with certainty how the active compounds entered the body-for example, through inhalation or ingestion. The analyses therefore do not confirm a specific method of consumption. Later archaeological sites in Central Asia have revealed chemical residues of cannabinoids in vessels and on heated stones, clearly indicating inhalation.

“The molecular traces in the hair and the cannabis seeds come from the same grave and suggest that cannabis was used for its intoxicating properties,” says Caspari, who conducts research at the Institute of Archaeological Sciences at the University of Bern and the Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology in Jena (Germany).

Cannabis in a ritual burial context

The research team situates the cannabis finds in a ritual burial context. “In this princely tomb, the burials were accompanied by extensive horse sacrifices and, most likely, human sacrifices as well,” says Gino Caspari. In a previous publication, the research team had discovered the remains of 18 horses that had once been arranged on the burial mound. In the meantime, several dozen additional horse sacrifices and scattered human bones have come to light.

Further investigation into the early use of cannabis

The findings provide what is currently the oldest directly dated archaeological evidence of the use of cannabis for its intoxicating properties. However, they do not allow any conclusions to be drawn about the THC content of the plants from that time. Neither has it been possible so far to determine whether the plants were specifically selected or cultivated for higher levels of active compounds.

The research team is currently continuing the investigation. “We have already begun sequencing some of the plant samples,” says Gino Caspari. “DNA preservation is excellent in this case. This will help us learn more about the history of the domestication and spread of this crop soon.”